URINARY STONE DISEASE

Abstract

Urinary stone disease, also known as urolithiasis, is a common urological disorder characterized by the formation of calculi in the kidneys, ureters, or bladder. Stones are primarily composed of calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, or struvite. The disease can cause acute flank pain, hematuria, urinary tract obstruction, and recurrent infections, significantly affecting patient quality of life. Etiology involves multifactorial mechanisms including metabolic abnormalities, genetic predisposition, dietary habits, dehydration, and urinary tract infections. Diagnosis relies on laboratory tests and imaging studies, with non-contrast computed tomography recognized as the gold standard. Management strategies include hydration, dietary adjustments, pharmacological therapy, and interventional procedures such as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, and percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Preventive measures are essential to reduce recurrence, preserve renal function, and improve long-term outcomes.