THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION AND CARDIOVASCULAR RISK IN CHRONIC HEART FAILURE

Abstract

Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a major clinical syndrome among cardiovascular diseases, associated with high mortality, disability, and recurrent hospitalizations. In recent years, the role of endothelial dysfunction in CHF pathogenesis has received increasing attention. Endothelial dysfunction is characterized by impaired vascular tone regulation, activation of inflammatory pathways, increased oxidative stress, and prothrombotic states, collectively contributing to elevated cardiovascular risk.