CAUSES OF POSTPARTUM VAGINAL BLEEDING, DIAGNOSIS, PHYSICIAN MANAGEMENT, AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES
Keywords:
Postpartum hemorrhage, vaginal bleeding, uterine atony, obstetrics, maternal mortality, diagnosis, physician management, prevention, uterotonic agents.Abstract
This article discusses postpartum vaginal bleeding as one of the most serious obstetric emergencies associated with high maternal morbidity and mortality. The study analyzes the main causes of postpartum hemorrhage, including uterine atony, retained placental tissue, birth canal trauma, and coagulation disorders. Special attention is given to modern diagnostic approaches, clinical manifestations, and physician management tactics based on evidence-based obstetric guidelines. The article also examines emergency treatment methods such as uterotonic therapy, fluid resuscitation, blood transfusion, and surgical interventions. In addition, preventive measures including antenatal risk assessment, active management of the third stage of labor, and early postpartum monitoring are highlighted. According to modern clinical protocols, early diagnosis and rapid intervention significantly reduce severe complications and maternal death associated with postpartum hemorrhage.
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